• The ubiquitin proteasome system Ub P is the main cellular

  2019-07-08

  

  The ubiquitin–proteasome system (Ub–P) is the main cellular machinery for protein turnover in eukaryotic cells (Glickman and Ciechanover, 2002). Degradation by Ub–P involves two steps. Target proteins are selectively, specifically, and covalently attached to ubiquitin (Ub) chains, followed by Ub-tag

• br Introduction DNA ligation is required during DNA replicat

  2019-07-08

  

  Introduction DNA ligation is required during DNA replication and to complete almost all DNA repair events. In human cells, the DNA ligases encoded by three LIG genes are responsible for joining interruptions in the phosphodiester backbone [1]. These enzymes have distinct but overlapping functions

• Electron transport via DHODH activity will

  2019-07-08

  

  Electron transport via DHODH activity will allow the generation of mitochondrial ROS without the consumption of α-ketoglutarate or NADH. Glutamine-dependent flux through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation can also enable generation of mitochondrial ROS (Weinberg et al., 2010). The latter pr

• Although the crystal structures of

  2019-07-08

  

  Although the crystal structures of Atg4C and Atg4D are not available, their three dimensional structures can be acquired by homology modeling, using the structure of Atg4B as a template (Zhang, Li, Ouyang, Liu, & Cheng, 2016). In that model, the catalytic triad is conserved (Cys110/Asp345/His347 for

• br Acknowledgments This work was supported by

  2019-07-08

  

  Acknowledgments This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 81501485). We are particularly grateful to Dr. Dan Yang and Dr. Yi Zhang for their assistance and facilities in helping this experiment and manuscript. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common malig

• Another important mediator in fear learning is the neuropept

  2019-07-08

  

  Another important mediator in fear learning is the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). For example, local repeated administration of CRF into the basolateral amygdala potentiates the acquisition of cue-conditioned fear (Bijlsma et al., 2011) and CRF1 receptor antagonists effectively b

• Several highly selective COX inhibitors coxibs have

  2019-07-08

  

  Several highly selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) have been reported and marketed [6], including celecoxib [7] and etoricoxib [8] (Fig. 1). Even though these drugs produce less ulceration than conventional NSAIDs, coxibs still produce significant gastric and cardiovascular side effects due to the d

• br Dienogest DNG Dienogest is a nortestosterone derivative w

  2019-07-08

  

  Dienogest (DNG) Dienogest is a 19-nortestosterone derivative with two special structural changes [Fig. 1a]: [a] At the cabon-17 position there is a cyanomethyl group instead of an ethinyl group; [b] A double bond is present between carbons 9 and 10. DNG is the only progestogen that combines prope

• Enhanced oxidative stress has been suggested as the

  2019-07-08

  

  Enhanced oxidative stress has been suggested as the critical mechanisms of IS-produced muscle damage [41,42]. NAC as a direct reactive oxygen species ROS scavenger is frequently discussed in the clinical trials of radiocontrast-induced AKI prevention [43]. Despite some supportive epidemiological dat

• Although DP technologies are convenient for users to manufac

  2019-07-08

  

  Although 3DP technologies are convenient for users to manufacture devices automatically, the printing materials are inevitably limited by the manufacturers of 3D printers. Strategies are increasingly being developed to functionalize the raw printing materials or their printed devices with other phys

• In contrast T bet downregulated the expression

  2019-07-08

  

  In contrast, T-bet downregulated the expression of Tfh functional molecules, CD40L, ICOS, and IL-21; accordingly, T-bet overexpression abrogated the helper function of IL-12-stimulated CD4+ T cells. Thus, T-bet seems more involved in the downregulation of the helper functions than in the differentia

• CSN was initially identified based on the constitutitvely ph

  2019-07-08

  

  CSN was initially identified based on the constitutitvely photormophogenic (cop) mutants from Arabidopsis thaliana [48]. csn mutants are Cullin deneddylation-deficient, consequently accumulate neddylated Cullins, and arrest growth shortly after germination [49, 50, 51]. Weak csn mutants have defects

• GYKI 52466 dihydrochloride Oysters belong to the second larg

  2019-07-08

  

  Oysters belong to the second largest animal phylum Mollusca, and they are globally distributed aquaculture animals (Wang et al., 2018). A number of studies have demonstrated that oysters have evolved an integrated and complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders. An array

• br Roles of TLS polymerases

  2019-07-08

  

  Roles of TLS polymerases outside DNA damage tolerance Preparing the ground for more DNA damage: adaptive responses through gene induction Conclusions and perspectives Although known for many decades, the relevance of TLS in genome stability is normally considered secondary to mechanisms tha

• br Structural and biochemical features

  2019-07-08

  

  Structural and biochemical features of pol X family polymerases The X-family DNA polymerase (polX) is specialized in DNA repair. This family is composed of four different DNA polymerases: pol β, pol λ, pol μ and TdT. Only three members of the polX family possess an N-terminal BRCT (BRCA1 carboxy-

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